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LRU Page Replacement Program in C++[How to]

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #3d85c6; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Least Recently Used  Page Replacement</span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Goal:- </span>Program for LRU page replacement Method.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Method:-  </span>Replace the page that has not been used for the longest period of time.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Explanation:- </span>As we seen in <a href="http://codieehome.blogspot.in/2013/10/program-for-fifo-page-replacement.html" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><u>FIFO page Replacement</u></span></a> Algorithm the problem is Belady's Anomaly and this lead us to discovery of an <a href="http://codieehome.blogspot.in/2014/12/optimal-page-replacement-program-in.html" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><u>Optimal Page Replacement</u></span></a> method that will have minimum page fault rate.But the problem in Optimal Page Replacement is that it requires the future knowledge. So in the place of optimal we can take a approximation of optimal in which we look for the pages that has not been used for a long time and predict that they will not be used in near future.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">So whenever a replacement request comes then we replace the new page with the page which has not been used for a long time and this method page replacement is known as Least Recently used(LRU) method.</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">For evaluating an algorithm we take a particular string of memory references ,called<span style="color: red;"> reference string</span>.</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">The LRU method is often used and considered to be good.</span></h3>
<div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">The problem with this algorithm that how to implement LRU and there are several methods of implementing LRU. To know you can check my post(about to come).</span></span></h3>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: normal;">Page Fault:- </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Page Fault is a interrput that occurs when a program request page that is not in real memory.Then this interrput sends signal to OS to fetch that page from Virtual memory and load it into RAM.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">**Program explained here counts the no. of page fault occurs  when a input reference string is implemented onto Memory according to LRU replacement method.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Example:-</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">               </span>Reference string- 7,0,1,2,0,3,0,4</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">                 No. of frames: 3</span></span></h3>
<h3>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="10"><tbody>
<tr>   <th rowspan="2"><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Frame NO.</span></h3>
</th>   <th colspan="9"><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Reference String(Page Values)</span></h3>
</th> </tr>
<tr>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Initially</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">7</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">4</span></h3>
</th> </tr>
<tr>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">7</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">7</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">7</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">4</span></h3>
</td> </tr>
<tr>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</td>    <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td> </tr>
<tr>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3</span></h3>
</td>    <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">3</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">3</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3</span></h3>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">When any page value already presented in frames then no page fault will occur.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Program:-</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-size: 12px;"><br />
<script class="brush:java" type="syntaxhighlighter">
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<conio.h>
int main()
 {
          int nop,nof,page[20],i,count=0;
          cout<<"\n\tEnter the No. of Pages:";
          cin>>nop;  //Store the no of Pages
          cout<<"\n\t Enter the Reference String:";
          for(i=0;i<nop;i++)
          {
          cout<<"\t";
          cin>>page[i]; //Store the pages
          }
          
          cout<<"\n\t Enter the No of frames:-";
          cin>>nof;
          int frame[nof],fcount[nof];
          for(i=0;i<nof;i++)
          {
          frame[i]=-1; //Store the frames
          fcount[i]=0; //Track when the page is last used
          }
          i=0;
          while(i<nop)
          {
            int j=0,flag=0;
            while(j<nof)
            {
               if(page[i]==frame[j]){  //Checking whether page already exist in frames or not
               flag=1;
               fcount[j]=i+1;
               }
               j++;
            }    
            j=0;   
            cout<<"\n\t**************************************\n";
            cout<<"\t"<<page[i]<<"-->";    
            if(flag==0)
            {
             int min=0,k=0;
              while(k<nof-1)
                {
                 
                  if(fcount[min]>fcount[k+1]) //Calculating the page which is least recently used
                    min=k+1;
                  k++;
                }
               frame[min]=page[i]; //Replacing it
               fcount[min]=i+1;    //Increasing the time 
               count++;           //counting Page Fault
            
           
            while(j<nof)
            {
               cout<<"\t|"<<frame[j]<<"|";
               j++;
            }
            
             }
           i++;  
            
          }
          cout<<"\n\t**************************************\n";
          cout<<"\n\tPage Fault is:"<<count;
          getch();
          return 0;
}        
      
</script>
</span>

<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Output:-<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTroGSSZRAzN7XVNz-ZIv8EH7p6-MiJpFMxICx9unC1uUutG0eO5PHz9fn4uaI_1xmh_t60MCATjaQEFHfB3z1_OJe7RB2OcUprGGTzDbA1ArwbNcrtiqIMY08xqy0troHyzZ3cJguR6g1/s1600/LRU.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTroGSSZRAzN7XVNz-ZIv8EH7p6-MiJpFMxICx9unC1uUutG0eO5PHz9fn4uaI_1xmh_t60MCATjaQEFHfB3z1_OJe7RB2OcUprGGTzDbA1ArwbNcrtiqIMY08xqy0troHyzZ3cJguR6g1/s1600/LRU.png" /></a></div>
</span></span></h3>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #93c47d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></h3>
<div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Bitter, serif, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 19.1875px;">If you want to share more information about topic discussed above or find anything incorrect Please do comments.</span>  </span></h3>
</div>
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LRU Page Replacement Program in C++[How to]

Least Recently Used Page Replacement Goal:- Program for LRU page replacement Method. Method:- Replace the page that has not been us...

+ Read more »

Optimal Page Replacement Program in C++[How to]

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #3d85c6; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Optimal Page Replacement</span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Goal:- </span>Program for Optimal page replacement Method.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Method:-  </span>Replace the page that will not be used for the longest period of time.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Explanation:- </span>As we seen in <a href="http://codieehome.blogspot.in/2013/10/program-for-fifo-page-replacement.html" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"><u>FIFO page Replacement</u></span></a> Algorithm the problem is Belady's Anomaly and this lead us to discovery of an algorithm that will have minimum page fault rate.The search ends at Optimal Page Replacement.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Optimal Page replacement algorithm will never suffer from Belady's Anomaly.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Use of this algorithm guarantees the lowest page fault rate for fixed no. of frames.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">For evaluating an algorithm we take a particular string of memory references ,called<span style="color: red;"> reference string</span>.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In Optimal page replacement algorithm- for each page we track the time when it was brought into the memory and when any replacement request comes then we look for the page which is not going to be used in next future. </span></span></h3>
<div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">The problem with this algorithm that it is difficult to implement because it requires the future knowledge of reference string.<u><a href="http://codieehome.blogspot.in/2014/12/lru-page-replacement-program-in-chow-to.html" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">(How LRU solve this problem check here?)</span></a></u></span></span></h3>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: normal;">Page Fault:- </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Page Fault is a interrput that occurs when a program request page that is not in real memory.Then this interrput sends signal to OS to fetch that page from Virtual memory and load it into RAM.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">**Program explained here counts the no. of page fault occurs  when a input reference string is implemented onto Memory according to optimal replacement method.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Example:-</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">               </span>Reference string- 7,0,1,2,0,3,0,4</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">                 No. of frames: 3</span></span></h3>
<h3>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="10"><tbody>
<tr>   <th rowspan="2"><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Frame NO.</span></h3>
</th>   <th colspan="9"><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Reference String(Page Values)</span></h3>
</th> </tr>
<tr>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Initially</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">7</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</th>   <th><h3>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">4</span></h3>
</th> </tr>
<tr>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">7</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">7</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">7</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">3</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">4</span></h3>
</td> </tr>
<tr>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2</span></h3>
</td>    <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">0</span></h3>
</td> </tr>
<tr>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3</span></h3>
</td>    <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td>   <td><h3>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">1</span></h3>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">When any page value already presented in frames then no page fault will occur.</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Program:-</span></span></h3>
<script class="brush:java" type="syntaxhighlighter">
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<conio.h>
int main()
 {
          int nop,nof,page[20],i,count=0;
          cout<<"\n\tEnter the No. of Pages:";
          cin>>nop;          //Store the no of pages
          cout<<"\n\t Enter the Reference String:";
          for(i=0;i<nop;i++)
          {
          cout<<"\t";
          cin>>page[i]; //Array for Storing Reference String
          }
          
          cout<<"\n\t Enter the No of frames:-";
          cin>>nof;
          int frame[nof],fcount[nof];
          for(i=0;i<nof;i++)
          {
          frame[i]=-1;  //Frame Array
          fcount[i]=0;  // Track the next Availability of frames
          }
          i=0;
          while(i<nop)
          {
            int j=0,flag=0;
            while(j<nof)
            {
               if(page[i]==frame[j]){ // Checking Whether the Page is Already in frame or not
               flag=1;
               }
               j++;
            }    
            j=0;   
            cout<<"\n\t**************************************\n";
            cout<<"\t"<<page[i]<<"-->";    
            if(flag==0)
            {
              if(i>=nof)
              {
             int max=0,k=0;
             while(k<nof)
             {
                int dist=0,j1=i+1;
                while(j1<nop)
                {
                if(frame[k]!=page[j1])  //Calculating Distances of pages that are in the frame to their next occurence
                dist++;
                else
                { 
                break;
                }
                j1++;
                }
               fcount[k]=dist; //Storing Distances into array
              k++;   
             }            
             k=0;
              while(k<nof-1)
                {
                 
                  if(fcount[max]<fcount[k+1]) //Finding out the maxximum distance
                    max=k+1;
                  k++;
                }
               frame[max]=page[i];   
             } 
             else {
                  frame[i%nof]=page[i];
                  }
               count++;  // Increasing Page Fault.
            
           
            while(j<nof)
            {
               cout<<"\t|"<<frame[j]<<"|";
               j++;
            }
            
             }
           i++;  
            
          }
          cout<<"\n\t**************************************\n";
          cout<<"\n\tPage Fault is:"<<count;
          getch();
          return 0;
}        
</script>

<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Output:-</span></span></h3>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkKgSTecaNMJo4wBA9aAruAv0-zU-wIon30F1pbc4ZLkkv842PPnGRZRvE3JKS76Rx6aMESuHz0aXiRAdqzmmfx2z7xCWSxsSbSRhBVBcigOc3bIpJg7hBO7HFey2YhK3gb8DQUXAWW9_/s1600/optimal.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkKgSTecaNMJo4wBA9aAruAv0-zU-wIon30F1pbc4ZLkkv842PPnGRZRvE3JKS76Rx6aMESuHz0aXiRAdqzmmfx2z7xCWSxsSbSRhBVBcigOc3bIpJg7hBO7HFey2YhK3gb8DQUXAWW9_/s1600/optimal.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Optimal Page Replacement</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #93c47d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></h3>
<div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Bitter, serif, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 19.1875px;">If you want to share more information about topic discussed above or find anything incorrect Please do comments.</span>  </span></h3>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Bitter, serif, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b style="color: #333333;">For more Programs Stay Connected</b><span style="color: #333333;">..</span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/codieehome" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Like</span></a><span style="color: #333333;"> us on Facebook.</span></span></div>

Optimal Page Replacement Program in C++[How to]

Optimal Page Replacement Goal:- Program for Optimal page replacement Method. Method:- Replace the page that will not be used for the...

+ Read more »

Life Cycle of a Process [Operating System]

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Life Cycle of a Process</span></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Goal:- </span>How a process changes its state while execution ?</span></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #93c47d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Explanation:- </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">As we know a program in execution is a process.As a process </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">executes it changes state. The state of the process is defined by the current activity of that process. Each process may be in one of the following states:- </span></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">New</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Ready</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Running</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Waiting</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Terminated</span></span></li>
</ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">The above five states are standard states for a process in which a process remain in their life cycle.These states are found on all systems but there can be difference of naming conventions.Except of these states there are two more states which we will discuss in this post. They are</span></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Suspended Ready</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Suspended Wait.</span></li>
</ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Figure-1 Shows the life cycle of a Process:-</span></span></h3><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVJGs5AWGCvvczYOg_zghIQ0baLt-Kaj1K2Zi_y2k-ogYAP8qVE2cCkyA52Ilo2yfgNDbbNWSKlMr20EjFhuYEGMlNN9kLI4M9Gso2GDKBhy9zwfmoAhn61xhzIbN4GlsodO9IhRnzF9FU/s1600/process.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="347" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVJGs5AWGCvvczYOg_zghIQ0baLt-Kaj1K2Zi_y2k-ogYAP8qVE2cCkyA52Ilo2yfgNDbbNWSKlMr20EjFhuYEGMlNN9kLI4M9Gso2GDKBhy9zwfmoAhn61xhzIbN4GlsodO9IhRnzF9FU/s1600/process.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure-1 States of a Process<br />
<br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 19px;">Now we will start with description of each state:-</span></div><div><h3><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">New:-  </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">If the process is in new state that means either the process is under creation or is being created.</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f;">Ready:-</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f;"> </span>After the successful creation of a process, it is placed in Ready state by Long Term Scheduler. In this state process will wait to be assigned to a processor.In this state we can have <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">a multiple no. of processes.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Running:- </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">From the Ready state one of the process is selected and it will be scheduled or Dispatched to the Running State by Short Term Scheduler. If a process is in Running state that means instructions of the process are being executed.   ****Only <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">one process will reside in memory(Running State)</span> at any point of time.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Waiting:-</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">If any running process require any input/output operation the process will be moved into wait state. ** In wait state, multiple process are there. Multiple process will perform their I/O simultaneously.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f;">Terminated:- </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">The Process has finished execution.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f;">Suspended Ready:-  </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">When the large no. of process are created and resources are short enough to manage the process then some of the process will be suspended and moved to suspended ready state. Whenever the resources are sufficient the process are resume back to the ready state by Mid term Scheduler.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #6aa84f;">Suspended Wait:- </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> When resources are short enough to manage the process in wait/block state  then some of the process will be suspended and moved to suspended block state. Whenever the resources are sufficient the process are resume back to the wait state by MTS. </span></span></li>
</ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">-->**When the Process is in Suspended Ready or Suspended wait, it reside in secondary memory or Backing Store.</span></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">So this is all about Life cycle of a process and if I really helped you please let me know via comment.</span></h3></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div><h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Bitter, serif, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 19.1875px;">If you want to share more information about topic discussed above or find anything incorrect Please do comments.</span>  </span></h3></div><span style="font-family: Bitter, serif, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b style="color: #333333;">For more Concepts Stay Connected</b><span style="color: #333333;">..</span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/codieehome" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Like</span></a><span style="color: #333333;"> us on Facebook.</span></span></div>

Life Cycle of a Process [Operating System]

Life Cycle of a Process Goal:- How a process changes its state while execution ? Explanation:- As we know a program in execution is a proces...

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How to do[Implement] Swipe in Android[In Eclipse]

package com.example.gesture;
       
      import android.os.Bundle;
      import android.app.Activity;
      import android.view.GestureDetector;
      import android.view.GestureDetector.OnGestureListener;
      import android.view.Menu;
      import android.view.MotionEvent;
      import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends Activity implements OnGestureListener {
 
 private int AJ=100; //AJ is a threshold value which specifies the length of your swipe.
 
 private GestureDetector gd;
 @Override
 protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
  super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
  setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
  gd = new GestureDetector(getApplicationContext(),MainActivity.this);
  
  
 }

@Override
 public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
  // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
  getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
  return true;
 }

@Override
 public boolean onDown(MotionEvent arg0) {
  
  return false;
 }

@Override
 public boolean onFling(MotionEvent arg0, MotionEvent arg1, float arg2,float arg3) {
  
  if((arg0.getX()-arg1.getX())>AJ) //calculating if the swipe length is more than threshold or not
  {
   Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,"LeftSwipe",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
  }
  if((arg1.getX()-arg0.getX())>AJ)
  {
   Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,"RightSwipe",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
  }
  if((arg0.getY()-arg1.getY())>AJ)
  {
   Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,"UpSwipe",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
  }
     if((arg1.getY()-arg0.getY())>AJ)
  {
   Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,"DownSwipe",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
  }
  
  return false;
 }

@Override
 public void onLongPress(MotionEvent arg0) {
  // TODO Auto-generated method stub
  
 }

@Override
 public boolean onScroll(MotionEvent arg0, MotionEvent arg1, float arg2,
   float arg3) {
  // TODO Auto-generated method stub
  return false;
 }

@Override
 public void onShowPress(MotionEvent arg0) {
  // TODO Auto-generated method stub
  
 }

@Override
 public boolean onSingleTapUp(MotionEvent arg0) {
  // TODO Auto-generated method stub
  return false;
 }
    //this method is called when we place our finger on the screen.
   // check the return value of method, in this program it is the only method where we use our Gesture detector object.
 @Override
 public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
  // TODO Auto-generated method stub
  return gd.onTouchEvent(event); 
 }

}
</script><br /></div>
<h3 style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #93c47d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></h3>
<div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #93c47d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Output:- </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> I don't think that there is a need of uploading the output of this program.When you run this app there is blank screen because we didn't add any component in layout file. When you swipe the screen then there will be a toast message specifying the type of your swipe.</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> *In the toast message Toast.LENGTH_LONG is used so you need to wait for next toast message. </span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">*If you face any problem in implementing this code ,tell me via comments.</span></h3>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">* </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 19px;">If you need any program or any help in programming then <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #93c47d;"><a href="http://codieehome.blogspot.com/p/contact-us_15.html" target="_blank">Request Here</a> </span></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Bitter, serif, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 19.1875px;">If you want to share more information about topic discussed above or find anything incorrect Please do comments.</span>  </span></h3>
<div style="font-size: 19px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Bitter, serif, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b style="color: #333333;">For more Programs Stay Connected</b><span style="color: #333333;">..</span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/codieehome" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Like</span></a><span style="color: #333333;"> us on Facebook.</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

How to do[Implement] Swipe in Android[In Eclipse]

How to do Swipe in Android Goal:- Detecting swipe events in Android ? Explanation:- Android supports eight gestures and Swipe is o...

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Mutility(Nine in One)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
                                    <span style="color: #45818e; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Mutility (Nine in One )</span></h2>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mutility is a Light Weighted application which contains nine different  utilities in it.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The various things that can be done :-</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1.You can store your passwords and fetch them again when you need them</span><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2. You can Locate yourself and find your exact location in seconds.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
3. <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now the Important one ,you can easily find atm ,railway stations,libaries and so many things in just a click of button.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
4. <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A surprising Tricky game.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
5.<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Search  any Place on Maps by name or Pincode.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
6. <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tic-Tac-Toe Game.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
7. A <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Light and Efficient Browser.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">8. A Currency Converter.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
9.  <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Flash Light Utility</span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">All the searching is faster than google's inbuilt applications.</span></h4>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #45818e;">Requirements:-</span></span></h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #45818e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">       </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Android 2.3 or upper.</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">       Size--2.38 MB</span></h4>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #45818e;">Download Link</span> -</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">       </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=sgapps.firstapps.mutility" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="74" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrY8-aP31qhswQvswHxr-AIhq9z4BooKWPslTxcHid2iwivrBXzNLkLxHcq_xBVi_Wp1GgpNEEPffTBghiURKBi-8AzW93NTR6hjuVU9Yzy0O6t3Yvg52Pz9BgFIGO2zYkpv4sE4Eva8sF/s1600/play.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">    </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">  </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://filedir.com/android/tools/mutility-10784583.html" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="Mutility / Android" border="0" height="65" src="//filedir.com/i/getitblack.png" title="Mutility / Android" width="200" /></a></span></h3>
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Mutility(Nine in One)

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